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3 the relative 3 copper (II) carbonate 3 TYPES of REACTION 3 STOP THE TAPE! 3 ;"Software" 3 ;"Press:"; 3 ;"Press any key to continue": 3 ;"MA (Cantab.), MA (London)" 3 ;"Educational" 3 ;"CP Lawrence"; 3 "t"+n,usr: 3 "q"+n,usr: 3 "press ENTER to continue "; 3 "m"+n,usr: 3 "l"+n,usr: 3 "h"+n,usr: 3 "g"+n,usr: 3 "f"+n,usr: 3 "d"+n,usr: 3 "a"+n,usr: 3 to repeat this program"; 3 3 2 w$="19000231": 2 w$="17090004": 2 w$="16090004": 2 w$="14000631": 2 w$="13000831": 2 w$="12010007": 2 w$="09040302": 2 w$="09040102": 2 w$="02000131": 2 precipitate 2 in grams. 2 endothermic 2 copper (II) nitrate 2 copper (II) hydroxide 2 START THE TAPE 2 REVERSIBLE REACTIONS 2 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 2 CHEMICAL COMBINATION & the MOLE 2 ;"per minute for"; 2 ;"occurs." 2 ;"no more precipitation"; 2 ;"Add 2M hydrochloric"; 2 ;" "; 2 ;" ": 2 ''"Relative atomic masses:": 2 '"What is a 2 '"This reaction is 2 "p"+n,usr: 2 "k"+n,usr: 2 "c"+n,usr: 2 "b"+n,usr: 2 to load the next program"; 2 particles.": 2 CuO(s) + H 2 CuO(s) + CO 2 2CuO(s) + 4NO 1 w$="18000331": 1 w$="17010430": 1 w$="17000431": 1 w$="17000131": 1 w$="16150016": 1 w$="16090104": 1 w$="16000531": 1 w$="16000331": 1 w$="15090004": 1 w$="15010530": 1 w$="15000631": 1 w$="14090104": 1 w$="14090004": 1 w$="14000731": 1 w$="13020226": 1 w$="12150303": 1 w$="12000031": 1 w$="11110010": 1 w$="11090521": 1 w$="11050300": 1 w$="11000530": 1 w$="10110020": 1 w$="10091122": 1 w$="10090622": 1 w$="10020929": 1 w$="10020016": 1 w$="09100305": 1 w$="07160500": 1 w$="07160115": 1 w$="07150416": 1 w$="06000111": 1 w$="05000512": 1 w$="04160015": 1 w$="04000131": 1 w$="04000121": 1 w$="03000631": 1 w$="02211910": 1 w$="02151716": 1 w$="02001920": 1 w$="02000931": 1 w$="02000331": 1 the relative atomic 1 relative molecular 1 ratio of atoms 1 molecular mass 1 mass in grams. 1 mass in grams. 1 ionic mass 1 ionic association 1 in a fume cupboard 1 grams. 1 g$="water vapour": 1 g$="carbon dioxide": 1 g$="and oxygen": 1 fume cupboard. 1 formula units 1 exothermic 1 e$="Double decomposition": 1 e$="Displacement": 1 e$="Decomposition": 1 e$="Combination": 1 dynamic equilibrium 1 decomposed 1 c$="copper (II) nitrate": 1 c$="copper (II) hydroxide": 1 c$="copper (II) carbonate": 1 b3 P8 1 b2 1 b1 JI 1 atomic mass in grams 1 atomic mass in 1 a(l,c)=a(l,c)+1 1 This must be done in a 1 This must be done 1 The last experiment must be donein a fume cupboard. 1 The Law of Definite Proportions 1 The Law of Constant Composition 1 The LAW of CONSTANT COMPOSITION 1 So the atomic mass in grams of copper combines with the atomic mass in grams of oxygen. 1 REACTION 3 1 REACTION 2 1 REACTION 1 1 O(l) + CuSO 1 In the reaction, water vapour isproduced which could condense at 1 H values of the forward andreverse reactions are" 1 H is positive)." 1 H is negative)." 1 Geiger-Muller tube 1 EMPIRICAL FORMULA 1 DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION 1 DISPLACEMENT 1 DECOMPOSITION 1 Created with Ramsoft MakeTZX 1 COMBINATION 1 Avogadro number 1 All pure samples of the same"'"chemical compound contain the same elements combined together in the same proportions by mass. 1 ;"with a brilliant"; 1 ;"will turn blue." 1 ;"will ignite with a"; 1 ;"will be much"; 1 ;"white flame." 1 ;"weighed porcelain boat." 1 ;"weigh the boat + copper." 1 ;"water of crystalliz-"; 1 ;"tube, and take"; 1 ;"tion to 5 cm 1 ;"through a solution of"; 1 ;"thorium nitrate solu-"; 1 ;"then eight molecules of hydrogenwill combine with four moleculesof oxygen to form eight mole- cules of water:" 1 ;"the Scaler." 1 ;"test tube containing"; 1 ;"squeaky pop." 1 ;"solution." 1 ;"solution of bromide"; 1 ;"soluble in water" 1 ;"sodium carbonate" 1 ;"reading on the"; 1 ;"reactive halogen than"; 1 ;"potassium bromide." 1 ;"place bromine from a"; 1 ;"period." 1 ;"oxygen = 16" 1 ;"on glowing after the"; 1 ;"nitrogen dioxide": 1 ;"nitrate" 1 ;"nitrate solution until"; 1 ;"mouth of the test tube." 1 ;"loses its water of"; 1 ;"lighted splint near the"; 1 ;"lead (II) nitrate"; 1 ;"lead (II) chloride, and"; 1 ;"keep the filtrate." 1 ;"insoluble" 1 ;"iately effervesce." 1 ;"hydrogen"; 1 ;"hot and the powder"; 1 ;"higher than"; 1 ;"heat is removed." 1 ;"has regained its"; 1 ;"granulated zinc into a"; 1 ;"glow red; and carries"; 1 ;"for a few seconds.": 1 ;"find the count"; 1 ;"filtrate to a"; 1 ;"equation, this is:" 1 ;"end of the test tube"; 1 ;"dilute hydrochloric"; 1 ;"crystallization and"; 1 ;"copper = 64": 1 ;"copper (II)"; 1 ;"copper (II) sulphate." 1 ;"copper (II) oxide": 1 ;"chlorine generator)"; 1 ;"bromine, and will dis-"; 1 ;"ber of counts"; 1 ;"before." 1 ;"becomes anhydrous"; 1 ;"at the same time put a"; 1 ;"and the other"; 1 ;"and so on." 1 ;"acid drop by drop until"; 1 ;"acid drop by drop to 10"; 1 ;"a stream of hydrogen." 1 ;"a reading on"; 1 ;"a 5 minute"; 1 ;"__ __"; 1 ;"Zinc is above hydrogen in the electrochemical series." 1 ;"When the reaction has stopped, anew substance is left (iron (II)sulphide)." 1 ;"When the hydrogen has been pass-ing long enough to expel all theair from the tube, the"'"excess can be burnt." 1 ;"Transfer the"; 1 ;"This prevents air getting in andre-oxidising the copper." 1 ;"This is why ""decomposed"" was in quotation marks. The copper (II)nitrate and sodium carbonate"'"were already decomposed into"'"ions." 1 ;"The solution now contains radio-active Pb 1 ;"The rate of the reverse reactionvaries with the concentration of 1 ;"The rate of the forward reactionvaries with the concentration of 1 ;"The proportions of 1 ;"The mixture begins to"; 1 ;"The magnesium burns"; 1 ;"The liquid will immed-"; 1 ;"The liquid turns red-brown." 1 ;"The hydrated salt"; 1 ;"The gas is hydrogen." 1 ;"The gas in the tube"; 1 ;"The dish will grow"; 1 ;"The count rate"; 1 ;"The copper (II) oxide will glow and leave reddish brown copper." 1 ;"The anhydrous salt"; 1 ;"Take another"; 1 ;"Scaler, and"; 1 ;"Remove your thumb, and"; 1 ;"Remove the heat, but leave the hydrogen passing through the"'"tube until it cools down." 1 ;"Put your thumb over the"; 1 ;"Neither the sodium ions nor the nitrate ions took any part in the reaction." 1 ;"Mass of oxygen" 1 ;"Mass of empty"'"boat": 1 ;"Mass of copper": 1 ;"Mass of copper"'"(II) oxide": 1 ;"Mass of boat"'"+ copper": 1 ;"Mass of boat"'"+ copper (II)"'"oxide": 1 ;"Let the powder cool, and add a few drops of water." 1 ;"In other words, zinc will dis- place hydrogen from a solution of hydrogen ions. The ionic"'"equation therefore reads:" 1 ;"In a common type of double de- composition," 1 ;"Immediately they are mixed to- gether, the liquid will contain free copper (II), nitrate,"'"sodium and carbonate ions." 1 ;"If a collision causes the ions to combine to form an insoluble compound, this compound will"'"separate out as a precipitate." 1 ;"How much is a mole?" 1 ;"Geiger-Muller"; 1 ;"Find the num-"; 1 ;"Filter off the solid"; 1 ;"Filter and wash the solid, whichwill contain radioactive Pb 1 ;"Fe(s) + S(s) 1 ;"Expressed as an ionic"; 1 ;"Equilibrium is reached when the reaction is going at the same rate in both directions." 1 ;"Drop a few pieces of"; 1 ;"Do not assume that equilibrium occurs when the concentration of""products"" equals the concentra-tion of ""reactants""." 1 ;"Copper (II) nitrate and sodium carbonate are obviously soluble,since they were the original"'"solutions. Sodium nitrate"'"(NaNO 1 ;"Chlorine is a more"; 1 ;"Chemical equilibrium can be"'"represented graphically." 1 ;"Bubble chlorine (from a"; 1 ;"At the same time 1 ;"Add 10 cm 1 ;"According to the kinetic theory chemical reactions take place between particles." 1 ;"AB + CD 1 ;"A white ash remains"; 1 ;"A change in temperature can"'"affect a reaction in two ways." 1 ;"A blue precipitate forms." 1 ;"= 2 gm": 1 ;"= 16 gm": 1 ;"= 1.25 : 1.25": 1 ;"= 1 : 1" 1 ;"64 16" 1 ;"5 minutes." 1 ;"2Mg(s) + O 1 ;"2KBr(aq) + Cl 1 ;"1 mole of:": 1 ;"(magnesium oxide)." 1 ;"(II) oxide." 1 ;"(II) oxide in a previously"; 1 ;"(602000000000000000000000)" 1 ;"% of oxygen": 1 ;"% of copper": 1 ;" ": 1 ;" ": 1 ;" " 1 9.75 10.36 10.05 1 80.33 79.92 80.21 1 8.32 8.25 7.78 1 19.67 20.08 19.79 1 10.10 10.89 10.61 1 1.78 2.64 2.83 1 1.43 2.11 2.27 1 0.35 0.53 0.56 1 /2"'"molecules in a gram." 1 .It is named after an Italian scientist, Amadeo Avogadro." 1 . This end of the tube should be lower than the other to pre- vent water running back onto thehot glass. 1 ) of particles (or formula units)." 1 ) is also soluble." 1 ) contains 1 ) however is insoluble, and forms the precipitate." 1 (gm) (gm) (gm) 1 (aq) + CuCO 1 (aq) + Cu(NO 1 (aq) + 2Cl 1 (another name for this kind of reaction): "''" Cu 1 ''"Within the limits of experimen- tal error these results confirm the Law of Constant Composition." 1 ''"What we can say is that 1 mole (58.5 grams) of sodium chloride contains 1 ''"We will look at:" 1 ''"We know that the chemical form- ula of copper (II) oxide is CuO." 1 ''"This will be a 1 ''"Therefore the mass of 1 ''"The water of crystallization is lost as steam (g), but regained by adding water (l)." 1 ''"The standard unit is the 1 ''"The saturated solution cannot take any more Pb 1 ''"The particles could be:" 1 ''"Stir for about 12 minutes." 1 ''"Repeat the experiment with each of the other samples of copper (II) oxide." 1 ''"Present your results in the formof a table." 1 ''"It therefore displaces hydrogen from an acid." 1 ''"It states:": 1 ''"It is usually written with a 1 ''"It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the 1 ''"It is also known as:" 1 ''"In the experiment to demonstratethe law of constant composition the three samples of copper (II)oxide are each reduced to"'"metallic copper." 1 ''"How many oxygen atoms will therebe in 1 gram of oxygen?" 1 ''"How many is 1 ''"How many hydrogen 1 ''"For convenience, chemists use a standard number of particles as their unit." 1 ''"Filter off the solid, and"'"transfer the (perfectly clear) filtrate to the Geiger-Muller tube once again." 1 ''"Examples of decomposition"'"include the various methods of making copper (II) oxide." 1 ''"Each compound is heated to"'"constant mass in a crucible." 1 ''"Different chemical reactions mayinvolve many different sub-"'"stances." 1 ''"Copper (II) oxide can be made bythe decomposition of three"'"different copper (II) compounds:" 1 ''"An empirical formula is the onlykind of formula an ionic com- pound like copper (II) oxide canhave." 1 ''"An earlier program referred to an important law:" 1 ''"All of these moles (with the"'"exception of sodium chloride) contain the same number of"'"particles: 1 ''"After allowing for latent heat:" 1 ''"Add the radioactive solid lead (II) chloride to the saturated solution of lead (II) chloride made previously." 1 ''"A reaction which goes both ways like this is called a reversiblereaction." 1 ''"1 mole of molecules"; 1 ''"1 mole of ions = 1 ''"1 mole of atoms = 1 ''" hydrogen atoms": 1 ''" Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)"; 1 ''" What insoluble solid?" 1 ''" What has happened?": 1 '"then the number of oxygen atoms in 1 gm of oxygen": 1 '"eg copper (II) carbonate" 1 '"and 1 mole of sodium"'"chloride": 1 '"and 1 mole of hydrogen"'"molecules": 1 '"all have the same number ( 1 '"Two or more substances combine to form a new substance.": 1 '"Two compounds are ""decomposed"" and form two new compounds by anexchange of radicals:" 1 '"This will give you the 'back- ground' count.": 1 '"This will be explained later on." 1 '"This is done by heating them in a stream of hydrogen." 1 '"These are used in the experimentwhich illustrates the law of"'"constant composition.": 1 '"There are no molecules of sodiumchloride." 1 '"There are 2 hydrogen atoms in each hydrogen molecule." 1 '"The solutions of copper (II)"'"nitrate and sodium carbonate canbe regarded as being completely ionised:" 1 '"The ratio of"'"copper to oxygen = 80 : 20" 1 '"The overall reaction can be"'"expressed as:" 1 '"The mass of 1 '"The law can be illustrated by anexperiment in which three"'"different samples of copper (II)oxide are reduced to metallic copper." 1 '"The experiment is described in alater program." 1 '"Such ions are called 1 '"Some reversible reactions can goboth ways at the same time." 1 '"So if there are 1 '"So 64 gm of copper will combine with 16 gm of oxygen." 1 '"Since their relative atomic masses are 64 and 16 respective-ly, copper and oxygen combine inthe ratio 64:16 by 1 '"Since the relative atomic mass of hydrogen = 1, then 1 gram of hydrogen is also its 1 '"Reactions may therefore be"'"grouped together into types." 1 '"Ratio of atoms = 80 : 20"; 1 '"Put the solution back into a"'"beaker.": 1 '"One element or group of elementstakes the place of another ele- ment or group of elements in a compound.": 1 '"No further decomposition took place, only an 1 '"Next make a radioactive sample of solid lead (II) chloride." 1 '"Mix dilute solutions of:" 1 '"In the formation of copper (II) oxide, copper 1 '"In all three samples of copper (II) oxide the proportions of copper and oxygen are 80% : 20% by mass." 1 '"If two molecules of hydrogen"'"combine with one molecule of"'"oxygen to form two molecules of water:" 1 '"If the number of hydrogen atoms in 1 gm of hydrogen" 1 '"If hydrated copper (II) sulphateis heated gently, the blue crys-tals turn into a white powder." 1 '"Each sample is then reduced by heating in a stream of hydrogen:" 1 '"Double decomposition is there- fore a convenient way to make aninsoluble salt." 1 '"Different copper (II) compounds are each heated to constant massin a crucible." 1 '"Different combinations of these ions will collide with each"'"other, millions of times a"'"second." 1 '"Copper (II) carbonate (CuCO 1 '"But the original compounds were in ionised form. A more accurateionic equation would be:" 1 '"But the 1 '"But many reactions have general characteristics in common." 1 '"But if we did not know it, we could use our results to find it." 1 '"But how could a saturated solu- tion absorb more Pb 1 '"An oxygen atom is 16 times heav-ier than a hydrogen atom.": 1 '"A second substance is not"'"normally required." 1 '"A red bubble may separate at thebottom of the liquid." 1 '"A compound splits into simpler substances - very often purely as a result of heating." 1 '"1 mole of hydrogen atoms": 1 '" sodium ions": 1 '" sodium chloride" 1 '" sodium atoms": 1 '" hydrogen molecules": 1 '" hydrogen ions" 1 '" chlorine molecules": 1 '" chlorine atoms": 1 '" chloride ions": 1 '" Zn(s) + 2H 1 '" hydrogen = 1": 1 '" Cu(OH) 1 '" oxygen = 16" 1 '" CuCO 1 "r"+n,usr: 1 "o"+n,usr: 1 "j"+n,usr: 1 "i"+n,usr: 1 zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid" 1 willthere be in 1 gram of hydrogen?" 1 splits up (which depends on the concen-tration of 1 solu- tion of lead (II) chloride." 1 react with oxygen 1 reac- tion. A drop in temperature willfavour the exothermic reaction." 1 particles combine to"'"form 1 particles split up into 1 opposite in sign." 1 of oxygen 1 of copper 1 of 0.2M"; 1 of 0.2M lead (II)"; 1 of 0.1M"; 1 moles of chloride ions." 1 molecules;": 1 mole- cules of hydrogen" 1 mole of sodium ions and 1 mole of sodium chloride con- tains 1 mole of magnesium chloride (MgCl 1 mole of chloride ions." 1 mole of magnesium ions and 1 is not 80: 20 because copper atoms are much heavier than oxygen atoms." 1 is called the 1 is an insoluble solid which forms when solutionsreact together." 1 ions, which must havecome from the radioactive lead (II) chloride solid." 1 ions, but it can exchange Pb 1 ions with the solid." 1 ions enter and leave the"'"solution at the same rate." 1 in the ratio 1:1." 1 in chemistry." 1 hydrogen atomsin a gram, there will be 1 heating a mixture of iron"'" filings and powdered sulphur" 1 has been set up:" 1 get used up, the rateat which they combine gets slow-er and slower until it is equal to the rate at which 1 formula of copper (II) oxide is therefore CuO." 1 equal in value": 1 compounds like sodium"'"chloride are a special case." 1 com-bines with one 1 chlorine and potassium bromide solution" 1 burning magnesium ribbon in air" 1 atoms of oxygen": 1 When it has cooled down, re-"; 1 Reweigh the boat + copper"; 1 Put the boat in a combustion"; 1 Put a small portion of copper"; 1 Heat the copper (II) oxide in"; 1 An increase in temperature"'"will speed up both the forward reaction and the reverse reac- tion, and therefore the rate at which equilibrium is reached." 1 An increase in temperature"'"will move the equilibrium in"'"favour of the 1 = the number of atoms in 1gram of hydrogen." 1 = 6.02 x 10 1 : one will be soluble"; 1 : both will be"; 1 2KCl(aq) + Br 1 (approx.)" 1 which will be present when the equilibrium point is reached"'"will vary from one reaction to another." 1 rather than a 1 ions, and can be excluded from the equation." 1 1